Introduction Trade-based money laundering (TBML) is widely recognised by the Financial Action Task Force as one of the three primary methods by which criminal organisations move value across borders and
Introduction Correspondent banking relationships form the backbone of international financial transactions, enabling cross-border payments, trade finance, documentary credits, and the settlement of foreign exchange transactions between financial institutions across jurisdictions.
Introduction The relationship between anti-money laundering obligations and the professional duties of lawyers and chartered accountants represents one of the most intellectually contested frontiers of PMLA’s regulatory reach. The tension
Introduction Real estate has historically been the preferred vehicle for money laundering in India, and the structural reasons for this preference are deeply embedded in both the regulatory architecture governing
Introduction The hawala system, one of the oldest informal value transfer mechanisms in the world, predates modern banking by centuries. Originating in the Indian subcontinent and the Arab world as
Introduction No dimension of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act’s enforcement history has generated more sustained controversy in the period from 2020 to 2025 than the pattern of Enforcement Directorate
Introduction The intersection of cryptocurrency markets and anti-money laundering law represents one of the most technically complex and rapidly evolving frontiers of financial regulation in India. For much of the
Introduction At the heart of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 lies the concept of “proceeds of crime.” The entire enforcement machinery of the statute, from provisional attachment to
Introduction The power to attach property before conviction is the Enforcement Directorate’s most consequential enforcement instrument under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002. It operates in advance of any
Introduction The Enforcement Directorate’s power of arrest under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002, and the stringent bail standard attached to PMLA offences, constitute what is arguably the sharpest