Introduction Ransomware has emerged as the defining cybercrime challenge of the 2020s. Unlike earlier forms of cybercrime that targeted individual financial accounts or stole data for immediate monetisation, ransomware attacks
Introduction The governance of cybersecurity for critical information infrastructure (CII) sits at the uncomfortable intersection of national security imperatives, regulatory fragmentation, operational feasibility, and fundamental rights. India’s approach to this
Introduction The criminalisation of defamation is an anomaly in a legal system that otherwise treats the protection of reputation as a civil matter. In most liberal democracies, the remedy for
Introduction The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) represents India’s most consequential legislative intervention in data governance since the Information Technology Act of 2000. Receiving Presidential assent on
Introduction The admissibility of scientific evidence in criminal trials involves a disciplinary boundary crossing that the law has always managed imperfectly. A judge who is expert in the interpretation of
Introduction The migration of social life to digital platforms has created a new geography of harm. Bullying that once required physical proximity now reaches across cities and countries through a
Introduction Few provisions in Indian criminal law have generated as sustained a controversy as Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, now re-enacted as Section 84 of the Bharatiya Nyaya
Introduction The relationship between economic offences and personal liberty in India is mediated by a statutory architecture that systematically tilts toward detention. Unlike general criminal provisions, where the default is
Introduction The criminal justice system’s capacity to punish the most serious forms of organised crime is fundamentally contingent on the willingness and ability of witnesses to testify truthfully in open
Introduction The First Information Report is the entry point to the criminal justice system in India. Without an FIR, no investigation begins, no offence is formally recorded, and no victim
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