Introduction Every mature competition law system distinguishes between two enforcement modes: public enforcement, where the competition authority investigates and sanctions anti-competitive conduct on behalf of the public interest, and private
Introduction Oligopolistic markets — where a small number of large firms account for most of the market’s supply — are ubiquitous in India’s economy: aviation, telecom, cement, steel, petroleum refining,
Introduction The term “killer acquisition” entered the competition law vocabulary through an influential 2018 academic paper by Cunningham, Ederer, and Ma, which documented a systematic pattern in the pharmaceutical industry:
Introduction The debate about how to constrain the market power of dominant digital platforms has generated a wide menu of potential remedies — from behavioural obligations (prohibiting specific practices) to
Introduction Market definition is the analytical foundation of competition law. Before a competition authority can assess whether an enterprise is dominant, whether a merger reduces competition, or whether an agreement
Introduction Public procurement — the government’s purchase of goods, services, and works from private suppliers — accounts for approximately 20% of India’s GDP, making it one of the largest single
Introduction Gun-jumping — the implementation of a merger before receipt of regulatory clearance from competition authorities — is a compliance risk that deal teams in India systematically underestimate. In a
Introduction The traditional image of price-fixing — competitors meeting in a hotel room to carve up markets and fix prices — is increasingly anachronistic in the digital economy. Algorithmic pricing,
Introduction Self-preferencing — the practice by which a vertically integrated platform operator gives preferential treatment to its own products and services over competing products offered through its platform — has
Introduction The Competition (Amendment) Act 2023 represents the most comprehensive overhaul of India’s competition law framework since the Competition Act 2002 itself. Coming after years of review — the Competition